Chamomile

Chamomile tea is one of the Western world’s most widely known herbal medicines. Many people drink a cup of chamomile tea to help them relax before sleep and ensure a better night sleep. The tea is made from the dried flowers of the chamomile plant, a hardy annual that happily self-seeds. It grows to about 30 inches and needs little care. The dainty, daisy-like flowers are a pretty backdrop for many other herbs.

Mint

Back in grandma’s day, tummy troubles were often treated with a peppermint lozenge or hard candy. All of the mints appear to quell nausea and settle queasy stomachs. The Romans, in fact, used to end a meal with a cup of peppermint tea to help digestion and reduce gas. Mint grows so easily in home gardens that most gardeners will warn you to confine it so that it doesn’t take over your entire herb patch. The easiest way to do that is to plant your mint in a container rather than in the garden itself.

Lemon Balm

A member of the mint family, lemon balm shares its ability to quell a queasy stomach. It also has been shown that lemon balm can help relieve cold sores and shorten the length of time it takes them to go away. Lemon balm tea is a natural sedative that has shown some effect in calming stress. It grows well in USDA Hardiness Zones 4 through 9, but needs mulching in Zone 4 to survive the cold winters. Lemon balm has a distinct lemon flavor that makes delightful tea and is a delicious addition to soups, salads and recipes.

Lavender

These days, lavender essential oil scents everything from fabric softener to air fresheners. Tea made with lavender flowers may help relieve gas and restore appetite, but its most popular use is stress relief. Sprinkle lavender flowers in your bath to enjoy the sedative effect, or use dried flowers in a neck pillow or sachet to help you distress. Lavender is a tender perennial that grows about 18 inches tall. In northern regions, it needs to be brought indoors to survive the cold temperatures. In Southern gardens, it lives quite happily for years, spreading its soothing scent.

Elderberry

Elder is a popular hedge plant in the U.K., and grows just as happily in most parts of the U.S. In spring, elder bushes sprout dainty, delicate flowers that have long been used to make elderflower champagne and elderflower tea, both of which seem to have a potent antiviral effect. In the summer, the flowers give way to black berries, often used to make elderberry wine and elderberry cordial, general health tonics that may help relieve congestion and coughs.

Rosemary

Rosemary for remembrance, Shakespeare said, and science seems to agree. Rosemary oil appears to enhance the memory, while rosemary in your meal or as a tea seems to reduce gas and intestinal upset. The shrubby bush is high in antioxidants, and some substances in it seem to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Rosemary grows best in areas that resemble its Mediterranean coast home – sandy soil, full sun and warm temperatures – but if can be coaxed to grow in your garden in other places if you bring it indoors when the temperatures drop.

Evening Primrose

Evening primrose oil is often touted as a cure-all for so many things that it’s hard to believe the hype. While there are lots of claims – and reason to believe that many of them will prove to be true eventually – the facts support using evening primrose oil to treat allergy-related eczema, PMS symptoms, some menopause symptoms and essential fatty acid deficiencies. Evening primrose is so easy to grow that many people consider it a weed. The biennial with bright yellow flowers likes dry, open fields, so choose a spot that gets sun and isn’t too sheltered. The biennial reseeds itself, and isn’t as invasive as many weeds – in generally, it’s quite well-behaved in garden beds.

Echinacea

Also known as purple coneflower, this member of the daisy family has a long tradition both as a decorative plant and an herbal medicine. A main ingredient in many over the counter cold remedies, Echinacea seems to reduce the symptoms and duration of colds if you take it early enough. You can use the flowers to make a tincture or the ground roots to make a tea. The coneflower grows happily in full sun throughout the U.S. To make the most of the pretty flowers, plant coneflowers among lower-growing bushy herbs to camouflage the stalky stems and let the flowers nod above the foliage of other plants.

Fennel

This member of the parsley family originated in the Mediterranean, but it grows quite happily in most areas of the U.S. The feathery foliage, aromatic seeds and bulbous roots are best known for flavoring food, but fennel has a long tradition in medicinal history. Today, it is approved to treat digestive upsets in Germany, and to reduce congestion in upper respiratory infections. Some studies suggest that boiled extract from the leaves may help reduce blood pressure. Don’t plant them near coriander, dill, tomatoes or potatoes for best harvest.

Garlic

You may think of garlic as a food flavoring, but the herb has a dual identity as one of the best-regarded medicinal herbs in the world. Its documented benefits include lowering cholesterol, lowering blood pressure, improving circulation and helping to prevent yeast infections, colds, the flu and some cancers, especially those of the gastrointestinal tract. Its thin, graceful stems and puffy flowers make it a lovely addition to the garden – and it tends to repel most garden pests, making it a valuable member of your herb family.

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One of the earliest instances of the use of pharmaceuticals occurred in the widely accepted birthplace of civilization, ancient Babylon. Babylonians recorded using specific compounds to heal various ailments as early as 2500 BC. Although their methods were closely intertwined with religious beliefs, their methods are considered to be one of the original implementations of pharmacy.

In ancient China, a mythic man by the name of Shen Nung supposedly tested and recorded the various medicinal effects of 365 different herbs, many of which are applicable in pharmaceuticals today, and are still prominent in Eastern and herbal medicine.

Ancient Egyptians also used early forms of pharmaceuticals. In one record of early pharmacy, Egyptians recorded the effects of roughly 700 different drugs used to heal the sick. Many substances ancient Egyptians used may still be used today, including aloe and linseed oil, while others are used for less-than-medicinal purposes, such as wax and milk.

Theophrastus of ancient Greece was a botanist whose work with natural medicines is considered surprisingly accurate in pharmacy today. His examination of plant life had direct applications with the medicinal purposes of natural substances.

As widely used and known as Tylenol today, ancient humans on the island of Lemnos, near Greece, created and branded a general-use drug called Terra Sigillata. It was supposedly an anti-poisonous substance and could also be used as a cure-all. It is one of the first known branded medicines, and was first stamped with the head of Artemis, the Greek deity, and then with the seal of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire of Hungary. It was widely distributed and used throughout the island.

Pedanius Dioscorides, another Greek, authored a five-volume account of the medicinal purposes for various herbs and substances, titled “Regarding Medical Materials.” Many consider him to be one of the most important contributors to the development of empirical pharmaceutical study. The medicinal encyclopedia described the uses of roughly 500 different medicinal substances used by Greek and Roman civilizations.

Another pivotal individual within the ancient pharmaceutical field is the Greek physician Galen. He was a teacher and practitioner of pharmacy in second century Rome. Many of his methods have modern adaptations, though he also partook in the infamous method of bloodletting (letting a patient bleed as a method of curing an illness).

While many ancient medical methods are no longer used today, many of the substances and herbs used for medicinal purposes during antiquity continue to have benefits for the health of humans. The positive medical effects of substances like aloe and marijuana have been known for many years. Though we continue to develop more complicated and synthetic compounds, these natural remedies are still some of the most effective. With continuing medical efforts, perhaps one day all ailments will be remedied through the use of pharmaceutical compounds and natural herbs.

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